Summary
The primary objective of this study is to examine the impacts of RSPO certification on
independent smallholders, with particular emphasis on their livelihood. Our study is guided by the sustainable development framework, which focuses on social, economic and environmental aspects of development. The data for this study was collected through field observations and surveys conducted in two independent smallholder areas in Bintulu (Keresa) and Sandakan (Sapi) districts. A total of 76 and 100 smallholders were interviewed in Keresa and Sapi, respectively.