Summary
The sustainable management of tropical landscapes is critical for wildlife conservation and society at large. Integrated landscape initiatives are expected to deliver sustainable outcomes through integrating objectives and sectors to reconcile competing demands on land. These initiatives are widespread across the tropics and exhibit considerable diversity, leading to uncertainty regarding what a landscape approach is, how it is pursued, and what outcomes it can deliver. This paper shows that four distinct strategies exist, two of which are weakly integrated, relatively local in scope, and dominated by a focus on agriculture or conservation. Another two types are more ambitiously attempting integration, engage more sectors and scales of governance, and target the structural barriers to sustainability. It shows that integration underscores performance, and offers the policy, practitioner, and research community an explicit set of strategies for selection, evaluation, and support.